Includes bibliographical references and index.

Machine generated contents note: 1 Introduction and Background -- Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. -- Characterization of Chemical Contaminants 2 -- Human Exposures and Dosimetry 7 -- Chemical Exposures and Dose-to-Target Tissues 7 -- Concentration of Toxic Chemicals in Human Microenvironments 8 -- Inhalation Exposures and Respiratory Tract Effects 11 -- Ingestion Exposures and GI Tract Effects 18 -- Skin Exposure and Dermal Effects 19 -- Absorption through Membranes and Systemic Circulation 20 -- Accumulation in Target Tissues and Dosimetric Models 21 -- Indirect Measures of Past Exposures 21 -- Characterization of Health 23 -- Exposure-Response Relationships 24 -- References 27 --2 Ambient Particulate Matter -- Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. -- Sources and Pathways for Human Exposure 32 -- Ambient Air PM Concentrations 36 -- Extent of Population Exposures to Ambient Air PM 38 -- Nature of the Evidence for Human Health Effects of Ambient Air PM 41 -- Epidemiological Evidence for Human Health Effects of Ambient Air PM -- Discussion and Current Knowledge on the Health Effects of PM 57 -- Standards and Exposure Guidelines 59 -- References 60 --3 Asbestos and Other Mineral and Vitreous Fibers -- Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. -- Important Special Properties of Fibers 65 -- Exposures to Fibers 68 -- Fiber Deposition in the Respiratory Tract 71 -- Fiber Retention, Dissolution, and Translocation 73 -- Properties of Mineral and Vitreous Fibers Relevant to Disease 81 -- Asbestos-Related Diseases 81 -- Review of Biological Effects of Size-Classified Fibers in Animals -- and Humans 83 -- Critical Fiber Parameters Affecting Disease Pathogenesis 86 -- Exposure-Response for Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma: -- Human Experience 95 -- Risk Assessment Issues: Asbestos 100 -- Review of Epidemiological Evidence for Health Effects in Workers -- Exposed to MMMFs 103 -- Risk Assessment Issues: Man-made Mineral Fibers 106 -- Key Factors Affecting Fiber Uptake and Toxicity: Recapitulation -- and Synthesis 108 -- Acronyms 109 -- References 110 --4 Benzene -- Bernard D. Goldstein, M.D., and Gisela Witz, Ph.D. -- Benzene Exposure 122 -- Uptake 124 -- Metabolism and Disposition 124 -- Mechanisms of Toxicity 131 -- Risk Assessment 138 -- References 141 --5 Carbon Monoxide -- Michael T Kleinman, Ph.D. -- CO Exposure and Dosimetry 151 -- Mechanisms of CO Toxicity 152 -- Populations at Risk of Health Effects due to CO Exposure 153 -- Regulatory Background 154 -- Health Effects of CO 155 -- Summary and Conclusions 165 -- References 166 --6 Chromium -- Mitchell D. Cohen, Ph.D., and Max Costa, Ph.D. -- Essentiality 173 -- Environmental Sources and Standards 174 -- Exposure Scenarios 176 -- Uptake and Distribution 178 -- Toxicological Effects 179 -- Immunotoxicity 180 -- Carcinogenicity and Teratogenic Effects 182 -- Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity 183 -- References 185 -- 7 Diesel Exhaust -- Joe L Mauderly, D.VM. -- Historical Overview 193 -- Exposures to Diesel Exhaust 194 -- Health Effects 199 -- Current Issues and Research Needs 230 -- References 232 --8 Dioxins and Dioxin-like Chemicals -- Michael J. De Vito, Ph.D., and Michael A. Gallo, Ph.D. -- Sources 243 -- Toxicological Effects and Mechanism of Action 249 -- Mechanism of Action 252 -- References 258 --9 Drinking Water Disinfection -- Richard J. Bull, Ph.D. -- Chemical Methods of Disinfection 268 -- Chemical Nature and Occurrence of Disinfectant By-products 269 -- Associations of Human Disease with Drinking Water Disinfection 276 -- Toxicology of Disinfectants 279 -- Summary and Conclusions 298 -- References 303 --10 Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- Jonathan M. Samet, M.D., M.S., and Sophia S. Wang, Ph.D. -- Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) 320 -- Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking in Children 331 -- Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking in Adults 345 -- Respiratory Symptoms and Illnesses in Adults 359 -- Summary 363 -- References 363 --11 Food Constituents, Additives, and Contaminants -- Joseph VRodricks, Ph.D. -- Food-Related Health Risks 377 -- Legal and Regulatory Framework 380 -- Toxicity Test Requirements and Safety Criteria 381 -- Substances Intentionally Added to Food 387 -- Food Contaminants of Industrial Origin 395 -- Constituents and Contaminants of Natural Origin 397 -- Summary and Conclusions 404 -- Acronyms 405 -- References 405.